David Delene: Well, I think that's people coming in.
Dylan Skinner-Mans: Yes.
David Delene: that's what the thing is for.
Parents like.
David Delene: trivia question today.
David Delene: that's a camera.
David Delene: don't take away so so school yeah.
You.
David Delene: yeah.
David Delene: Does anybody know.
David Delene: That projector.
David Delene: it's not on the desktop but.
David Delene: If you search a projector.
David Delene: check check your settings.
David Delene: And I had this problem before I can start over.
David Delene: Here Tina pops up.
David Delene: think it starts it doesn't put that on the.
David Delene: You know, on my desk.
David Delene: hey read this.
David Delene: To me.
David Delene: I got my answer.
David Delene: Is it on.
David Delene: Right now.
David Delene: So we went over there, so you're not.
David Delene: Over there.
David Delene: Again on my other.
David Delene: we're still recording.
hey.
David Delene: here's.
David Delene: I think i'm.
David Delene: Okay i'm here, so the trivia question today is what does this have to do with today's lecture and what a modification.
David Delene: Okay, first of all, you have to know what it is.
David Delene: Where it says that are there, so it says so scope on, and so I guess the question is, what does it so scope have to do with what am I.
The.
brain.
And the difference, not only what happens with seating.
David Delene: Okay, but how does it work with radar.
David Delene: Does it seems.
To be back.
David Delene: So what comes back from the echoes.
David Delene: What Google and an online.
David Delene: yeah well that one has this they hire a software upgrade with four channels, so the price tag is actually has to do with the software that's installed.
David Delene: So yeah you don't want to know how much it costs right.
David Delene: yeah so we activity for the radar so maybe think about that as we we talked about radars today okay.
David Delene: And and see.
David Delene: let's see what I guess, but I don't know what you're going to look at it.
David Delene: yeah okay don't drop it, you can just kind of look at it from the in the back.
David Delene: So that's a reason to sit forward.
David Delene: So the other one is this one look at the radar data, because today we get this talk so i'm talking officially about radar and what a modification so everybody enjoy a nice snowstorm now Okay, then you should have been in my not to have more.
David Delene: 21 in Bismarck.
David Delene: So the other thing we've been looking at is the with this extra preset.
David Delene: Our river is rights and again in grand forks so anybody want to make a bet if if it's going to get a set of new CREST from the previous one.
David Delene: you're going to get because it's CREST and again so what's the maximum credits for the year they're going to go and break the the old one, but did we have a couple weeks ago.
David Delene: That was 34.
David Delene: So this only takes into account teaser for next that's forecast for next 24 hours so we'll have to see if we get any more precipitation.
David Delene: is now it's only three three and a half, but it's going back up.
David Delene: And then today.
David Delene: Remember, you have the questions assignment to hand in.
David Delene: for that.
David Delene: that's a homework do today, and I was hoping to try to get through radar presentations today but there's so much stuff that I could tell you about radars you know we actually have like a whole course actually at one time we had two courses in our department just on radar systems so.
David Delene: there's a lot of stuff we can tell you, so I think.
David Delene: there's no way i'm going to get to that material today.
David Delene: So we will just have to have two lectures on radar.
David Delene: And we can start so today is its title radar for weather modification.
David Delene: presentation.
David Delene: So it's the main tool that you need.
David Delene: To be able to tell where the stones are and direct the seating operations and see when it wants your air praise.
David Delene: stuff so very useful tool in such a way that if you don't have a radar and you want to do operations, you should probably install on so.
David Delene: that's why bolden has their own special radar.
David Delene: Okay, and then.
David Delene: The next week and then the phone week we get a not an exam so we'll get to this.
David Delene: and
David Delene: i'm.
David Delene: So let's see if I can start with read our slides that I posed it.
David Delene: Alright, so this is the great image that we ended up with at the end of Tuesday was given us that stone so just to remind you of the the snow, so this is reflectivity values.
David Delene: Given in CBC.
David Delene: What color coded on.
David Delene: The.
David Delene: right hand side of my screen so.
David Delene: This.
David Delene: Is anybody, so this is a type of radar the spray.
David Delene: Anybody know what we would classify this radio, the spray us.
David Delene: it's a composite activity.
David Delene: On that, but the the type of industry.
David Delene: it's a mosaic order right now it's you know but that's not the type so think about that as we go to the presentation today.
David Delene: Okay, so that I can ask you that question on the exam and you'll get it right.
David Delene: So radar.
David Delene: It where it's an acronym the, so this is kind of like one of the acronyms that has kind of now became a word so so it's stands for radio detection and range it.
David Delene: So they.
David Delene: made a nice acronym out of that and I give you.
David Delene: The uses for the radar military writer aviation traffic control so that's what they use to determine how fast you're going to.
David Delene: Ship and research agriculture.
David Delene: And I gave you the picture of our.
David Delene: See band radar that's on preferred holidays inside that white phil So if you ever want to see your radar.
David Delene: i'll take you up there sometime.
David Delene: Maybe I should make a video of that right, we should make a video So you can see the radar in the dictionary antennas but they actually run it now looking at the storm, so we can operate the radar I should actually show you all right radar data so and that's what a service.
David Delene: And I.
David Delene: See, we have quite a few people online today.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: i'm.
David Delene: So that's the genuine definition and uses of the radar.
David Delene: So, whether detection.
David Delene: So a lot of times with.
David Delene: whether what we want to detect we can measure precipitation how much rain snow.
David Delene: detect and tracks door themselves.
David Delene: Of course I showed you the snow and also rainy section.
David Delene: And then we have clouds and it's using what a modification and use in the wind measurements down burst of all airports.
David Delene: Three dimension wins inside of the storms, so I showed you the Dome on all well, so this is another going for another radar, so this is a radio I use with the US navy.
David Delene: and
David Delene: Okay, so i'm in ref.
David Delene: I think they pop in on off that's what I figured out for the zoom is that thing is people coming in, or oh.
David Delene: well.
David Delene: i'm still on my.
David Delene: And then I get the chat so if anyone is online I could chat you and I could see out of people online.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: back, let me go back to start with presentation.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So this is a dorm and you it's hard to see the scale here, but these are building, these are one story about big buildings.
David Delene: and
David Delene: So the the dish we have in the.
David Delene: Top of corporate whores 15 feet this one's 15 meters okay so it's three times as big, so this is like it sits in that it takes up the whole don't.
David Delene: Yes.
David Delene: um used to it, how they satellite receiver so it had a receiver for aviator are so Saturday downlink system, but they haven't used it in like 20 years so that was what it was put up for I think so now it's not being used for anything so.
David Delene: But I believe the receiver still in there.
David Delene: That was before we have a fast Internet and you could just get everything off the Internet.
David Delene: But the salaries have to transmit data down.
David Delene: So all the weather satellites and.
David Delene: that one is a.
David Delene: pole orbiting satellite so it was lower, and it would just come over once a couple of times a day.
David Delene: So it could track that and downlink to the data so there's other ways to do that now.
David Delene: And they don't do it so.
David Delene: But sorry, no, no radars in there, but.
David Delene: If someone wants to.
David Delene: make a big company and.
David Delene: then make a whole lot of money, and then you could donate it back to the university i'll be happy to buy us a radar with your donations.
David Delene: So yeah, this is a big.
David Delene: A big radar that we got to.
David Delene: will use it for our research so.
David Delene: um we'll go on to some more information and, of course, the radar is there to.
David Delene: Protect.
David Delene: The instrument that don't miss.
David Delene: Most radios a post that means the rain I transmit short pulses of energy and waits for return, so it sends out a dish and waits for return.
David Delene: And you can be detected resolve individual echoes or to returns from these pulses.
David Delene: And also, most aircraft readers are post so since we're talking about.
David Delene: aircraft is a lot of times we use the unmoored radar to help us to see what type of storms up there, and I just.
David Delene: thought that haven't returned, you can go to that so.
David Delene: But you can get a warning and you can get some information about what what the weather's like around the aircraft.
David Delene: In addition to ground based radars, and this is one of my favorite images when we have the air CAP for.
David Delene: In the pictures that were SAP and with along with the Dome from on the ground for that.
David Delene: The radar I showed in the previous picture so fortunate that were coming in, for landing in and we got to pass over radar.
David Delene: So we were working on a test to bill text.
David Delene: US task to deal with, I think the winners, there is by a Cape Kennedy space Center, so this is everybody see they got the new netflix ones I watched last night about the return of space with spacex and stuff so spacex launch rockets just a couple of miles down.
David Delene: south of where this raiders located.
David Delene: And what I think they can do is again watch walking launches with this radar.
David Delene: So they can see if there's any debris or anything coming off of their rockets.
David Delene: So it can track fast moving objects um but yeah so we got to be in Cape Kennedy and I got to see what other spacex watches or falcon nine spacex launches.
David Delene: And stuff so.
David Delene: And, of course, this isn't just pictures from 2015 when remember jonna Cisco product came here and give the lecture about research, he would always go in and.
David Delene: Get the inside, find the people that we knew everything, so we got a nice picture of some old.
David Delene: When the F1 oh four is that they used in the Vietnam War they had to ask, few of them station out a cake Kennedy.
David Delene: There was a company that they wouldn't want to use this as a first stage for a rocket so their launch the rocket from that aircraft was their idea.
David Delene: But we use about once because they figured it was easier to run an airplane and a rocket.
David Delene: But now they're running a walk it's pretty successfully in a season video of that.
David Delene: mason that they were able to figure out how to run a big old rocket on the entries it come back down legals that was returned in supersonic at the first stage.
David Delene: So anyway.
David Delene: But.
David Delene: You also gotta forecast for the thunderstorms and stuff so enlightening is important for the rockets.
David Delene: Any other thing you want me to digress.
David Delene: So measurement.
David Delene: conducted with radars basically distance position time the power is so much of the energies return and the velocity or radio velocity.
David Delene: We can look at if the targets are moving away or towards the radars.
David Delene: And this is my nice picture.
David Delene: Where we have.
David Delene: The.
David Delene: we're calling it crowd precipitation radar with high Demeter detection is the acronym.
David Delene: And this is radios kind of special because you can track fast moving objects like rockets, so if you can crop a rocket can track the airplane.
David Delene: So we would don't make our aircraft data position to the radar and it can walk into that big return and sample run in front of the aircraft and track in front of the aircraft, so we get this high resolution data here.
David Delene: From A and B.
David Delene: Which what time as as tracking aircraft, so this is not the normal way that you use the radar usually just scan, but this is a tracking one, so we get these high resolution data.
David Delene: Because it would have been hard to interpret because you're you're getting data along.
David Delene: The beam, but we can then do a comparison between the crowd physics and the.
David Delene: And the radars so that's what i'm trying to get a paper published right now, and this is a figure from that.
David Delene: kind of shows a window along the D so trying to explain this is one way to think about this pulse of energy goes out and then you get returns would be for activity values that is given in a plot here so.
David Delene: it's more for.
David Delene: illustration, and some of the technical stuff but.
David Delene: We can still use these type of radars for research.
David Delene: And we're looking at serious crowds.
David Delene: Instead of that.
David Delene: So yeah Nice, so the animation of the post going in and out, which is kind of what your screen in the previous one, where you have the.
David Delene: link that that radar and you look at that pulses, and by the time that you wait, you can get the whole far away, that is so rate as measured distance, so we call range.
David Delene: lot of times that's enough kind of middle name is.
David Delene: So we can get the range of the radar the distance is the the rate at which your travels times the time.
David Delene: And of course it travels at the speed of light, because this is electromagnetic radiation.
David Delene: So, and if you didn't know what that was I put the numbers down.
David Delene: 300,000.
meters per second.
David Delene: All you have to know is it's very fast much faster than anything we can do.
David Delene: And then typically to get the distance you mentioned tie and that's pretty easy to measure and you can measure it to high accuracy, so I mentioned this before time, is one of the fundamental parameters, we can measure the most accuracy.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So we need to get position, so this is kind of the one of the things that we can pull man on the aircraft, we have a target right you want to know where that aircraft for our target is.
David Delene: And so you have.
David Delene: Some slammers We made it to the aircraft.
David Delene: So one is the range, you have a position where the radar is located, the range to that.
David Delene: And then you have two angles.
David Delene: One is as myth.
David Delene: Is a so the, as Mrs here so that's kind of the around the the circle, so, if you look in your scan and asthma this way.
David Delene: Horizontal scanning antenna so what of the radar can scan 360 degrees of However, the navy radar can do that it can only scan one way and go back the other way.
David Delene: And then you have the elevation.
David Delene: up and down to get an elevation angle and as myth angle, so a lot of weather radios will scan one revolution and then go up in elevation and scan again.
David Delene: So that's a scan and strategy.
David Delene: So how you you scan with the radar.
David Delene: But DEMO your vertical components so usually have vertical and then north, east and west components to that so you usually get the angles and arrange.
David Delene: For a position.
David Delene: So that's what it measures, so if he wants to know where to aircraft this, for example, or target you give these three parameters range asthma tango and elevation April.
David Delene: The next thing that receives is power ECHO strength.
David Delene: And it's usually calculate his radar wi fi activity in terms of Z.
David Delene: And reflectivity is typically.
David Delene: We made it to.
David Delene: Rain rate, so I have a nice relationship here.
David Delene: Between rain rain, they only as per hour and we for activity or reflectivity factor.
David Delene: and
David Delene: A lot of times it's just nice linear relationship, if you put.
David Delene: We tech pretty factor in.
David Delene: orders of magnitude So these are orders of magnitude on a log scale so there's a huge different range of power that's return, because it covers 12345 orders of magnitude.
David Delene: So that's one to 10,000 so you have to be able to manage that power.
David Delene: And while you're not interested too much these constants here that 117 and one 1.35 these can change, depending on the type of storm.
David Delene: So a lot of times you want to see and determine navigation ship uses some ground based measurements so to have an accurate way to return.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: that's one of the things our scientists do.
David Delene: But the main point is, you want to get this power return.
David Delene: Of the velocity from the radar measurements is a cane my tracking echoes and no one that time between measurements.
David Delene: So there's a doppler shift.
David Delene: So the pulse will change when it hits the targets, and you know you have a doppler shift of the targets moving away from you or towards you.
David Delene: So you know what the frequency is of the radiation post that you send out and you measure what it get as a return.
David Delene: And how it shifted you can tell if the targets moving away from you or towards you.
David Delene: So this is, though, what they use for determining speed of cars, and now they have them would assign this right.
David Delene: let's say when you're going down some street today I want to point out the airport right you go before you get to the terminal they measure speed.
David Delene: And then you notice they've changed before they would tell you a speed, no matter what now they just get to the point of while you're going too fast right, you know why they did that.
David Delene: yeah so they figure well, these are slow people down, but if we are trying to use it to see how fast, you are we're doing the opposite of what's attendance so sometimes the technology can meet opposite.
David Delene: Of course, seems to be bad when you have pirates, because sometimes they were the ones that want to go fast right.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: So we can do that.
David Delene: and
David Delene: So that gives you the velocity is another message you can make.
David Delene: up so you can have radios on airplanes, but they must be small lightweight will power typically they can scan ahead of the airplane.
David Delene: Limited vertical tales so usually you walk in front of the airplane so sometimes it circle around, and you can see everything around you if you do a circle here right.
David Delene: Size you know you have shortwave wings.
David Delene: And then we have this another term product can you attenuation or attenuated.
David Delene: The shorter wavelengths they cannot always see through the stores.
David Delene: So sometimes if you have one storm and then there's another storm behind it, it won't see behind that so.
David Delene: Typically, they used to avoid stones.
David Delene: Not necessarily to penetrate into them.
David Delene: But you get some idea of.
David Delene: how big the storms are and what locations.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: Watch sides to get to their questions, but radars general.
terms.
David Delene: too fast here so.
David Delene: Anybody on anything.
David Delene: into the chat.
David Delene: i'm looking at the chat so.
David Delene: And i've got my big arrow here to look at block diagrams so the blocks are you know kind of how you would arrange.
David Delene: The major components so it's Nice, you have to understand some of the components some of what the system does so, you know what it's telling you.
David Delene: Know we're trying to have it applied so not going to tell you how to come up with you know constant constants that will get to the exact rain rain, but we just want to have an overview of what the radar systems do and its components so.
David Delene: we'll talk about kind of a a block diagram of a radar.
David Delene: So you have a antenna.
David Delene: So remember antennas can receive and transmit the inverse of each other.
David Delene: I got my reading here so tennis back here you got the.
David Delene: reflector on here so that dishes do we factor that's what I said was 15 blocks 815 feet for our see band radar on for fall and you can make that reflected bigger like 4550 feet that diameter.
David Delene: Then you typically have wave guides here.
David Delene: That go through.
David Delene: The flexor and he typically have a transmitter receiver.
David Delene: For that some type of moderator a master clock and then some single process and and the way, on the other, we see on the.
David Delene: Computer side of things, electronic side.
David Delene: So that's the.
David Delene: Block diagram, and so we will talk about each one of these major components of the radar system.
David Delene: So the first one is the radio transmitter which I have a bonus read here.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: That.
David Delene: generates the signal and in terms of radars and microwave signals so with we have you heard the term microwave before.
David Delene: yeah dinner kitchen.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So they heat up your dinner, so we can digress now and.
David Delene: How those.
David Delene: So in microwave translate mitts migraine you recommended energy.
David Delene: So, how does that heat up your dinner.
David Delene: So they tune it to the way we could see that excites the water molecules.
David Delene: So that's one reason why it's not we're good to go and stand in front of a.
David Delene: radar system that's running because it's transmitting microwave energy and in your body, you have lots of water molecules so you eat that one molecule up and.
David Delene: is not necessarily the right thing to do, it's like not put in your.
David Delene: Your hand or something in the microwave.
David Delene: which they won't make you add so they have systems, to make sure you don't do that.
David Delene: um i'm so transmits a search short bursts of power at some frequency, so this microwave.
David Delene: westerman egg energy transmits.
David Delene: The power is typically a few Watts.
David Delene: To a couple of megawatts so the USD radar transmits at 250,000 Watts or.
David Delene: 250,000 kilowatts and the.
David Delene: cpr hd that I use with the navy is three megawatts what bigger.
David Delene: more power.
David Delene: Frequency from 300 megahertz to.
David Delene: 300 gigahertz so that's the whole fast it moderates the radiation.
David Delene: And both of the end and navy radars us about 5.5 gigahertz.
David Delene: So these are some of the characteristics of the of the transmitted energy and so.
David Delene: You know you have these transmitters that will form the policies so who taught me he is.
David Delene: The national weather service radar before the upgrade a poem metric.
David Delene: radar so they did an upgrade, but that was in late 80s new upgraded so.
David Delene: i'm.
David Delene: sort of pulse transmitted processing parameters.
David Delene: duration.
David Delene: Of the pulse, so how long you transmit that poster also linked to post duration.
David Delene: Typically, point two five microseconds to 10 microseconds so we actually change this on the navy radar between when we use in 2015 and.
David Delene: 2019 change to a one microsecond policy instead of take we use a 10 or 11 microseconds before.
David Delene: So microseconds and that acronym 10 to the minus six seconds so very quickly.
David Delene: very fast.
David Delene: hundred 50 meter effective link if you're using one microsecond paul's.
David Delene: So the pulses are repetitive, so you send out a positive energy wave send out another one.
David Delene: And that whole certification frequency is a what we call that you know how we tended to have that policy is typically 150 to 500 hertz.
David Delene: You, and he has upper limit of 1200 and we've been low in it, because I equipment order I think we're down to 900 800.
David Delene: PRS now.
David Delene: And so we have these pulse makes of the beam that goes out and you have a volume over which it managers and, of course, as it goes out it expands.
David Delene: With that energy.
David Delene: Okay, so transmit them.
David Delene: there's different types of transmitters.
David Delene: We use megatron.
David Delene: heights I should try and solid state transmitters.
David Delene: So I love the update type of radar we have, but if you don't have 100 million dollars take a million dollars and we can update the transmitter on our on.
David Delene: Our.
David Delene: radar system to use some solid state transmitters they have now.
David Delene: more valuable.
David Delene: But these are invented making 39, so this is one of the big things in war two you could he kept airplanes or fleets of airplanes for military applications.
David Delene: Small right way, and then you can get you know if you want more power, you know you have to.
David Delene: not used the magnet.
David Delene: And so they kind of go in order now studio ones are solid state transmitters.
David Delene: I just have a picture of them they're.
David Delene: Thinking maybe next time i'll bring one of our main neutrons show you but they're about the size of their so scope.
David Delene: So they form the pulse that gets generated.
David Delene: So after you form the pulse, you have to send it from where you have it up to a wave guide.
David Delene: rectangular piece of home metal wave guide here a picture of that.
David Delene: And then.
David Delene: You just have to guide that and then you haven't joined some The wave guides and I began, as you can have a horde.
For that system.
David Delene: So that's where you get the energy from the magnet tron that is generated up to.
David Delene: where you want to release the energy so.
David Delene: For example, you can release it with a fee on.
David Delene: On this dish So you see here like here's The wave guy that comes up and you have the feed, one that will direct energy out to the tenor.
David Delene: which will take it and focus these rays, so they come out powwow into space so that's the most impressive part of stealing is the antenna with the feed warns.
David Delene: Typically warrior transmitted Stephen or.
David Delene: one or both so that's the big part of it, but the electronics that gets generated is the feet horns.
David Delene: wasn't good information here, trying to get through it any questions.
are transmitted.
David Delene: So the transmitters.
David Delene: And then we can.
David Delene: You know, you want to transmit it just seem to all.
David Delene: So you can have we factor is that we see or transmit the data.
David Delene: They direct energy into space focus that.
David Delene: generated pay, you know, a shape to the transmit energy.
David Delene: And I guess I should maybe boldface this.
David Delene: One of the largest antennas give a smaller been were for the same wavering single so a beam width is hot is given here so is an example of the dish on the.
David Delene: Aircraft 10 inch one you know you have a wider beam where, if you go where 12 inch antenna the beam with it's narrower so that how much of focus is out.
David Delene: And so, for example, the difference between ours, I think we have.
David Delene: 1.5 if we spread on ours, without 15 foot dish but what the navy system is a point to to it's a very.
David Delene: Small being with so you can work out more sensitive area focus that energy.
David Delene: So that allows you to focus it more when a bigger antenna.
David Delene: So that obviously applies on the aircraft, where you can't have a big.
David Delene: antenna dish so guys have seen our antenna radios on aircraft as soon as we know.
David Delene: Using aircraft.
David Delene: Aircraft future use X.
David Delene: and see their ground based use bigger antennas which we have.
David Delene: Different wavering, so we mentioned ease in terms of bands soc bands.
David Delene: So the new amp D raiders are five centimeters see bad radar.
David Delene: advantage of the new news and radio reflector.
David Delene: It focused energy in a particular direction, so you want to focus that.
David Delene: You can make a strong at some points.
David Delene: And then refractory stp turman directions targets see what our target it.
David Delene: So I found this big picture.
David Delene: Of a reflector.
David Delene: beam width of the.
David Delene: That the antenna produces.
David Delene: it's the antenna energy pattern.
David Delene: That you have.
David Delene: Typically, you measure up to half the power of the.
David Delene: Radiation so this the maximum power along the beam and then you measure to half the power and that's what you would call the the width of that pattern.
David Delene: That goes oh.
David Delene: So that's the width of the beam.
David Delene: And then you have the pulse volume, which would be the width in and.
David Delene: And then, how long along the pulse, do you have, and then you create a volume over which you're sampling.
David Delene: From.
David Delene: The.
David Delene: From the houses.
David Delene: This all problems with the antennas because they're not perfect and one of them is the.
David Delene: that's the main low of energy main post, but you have these side and back lobes so you were want to focus the energy just in the four directions just along that spread as it goes out, but you can have energy come back and you can have it go to the side, so these other side lobes here.
David Delene: which creates a pattern.
David Delene: To this so.
David Delene: That causes problems because the antennas are not perfect.
David Delene: So, and you should understand, we can explain this so that we can talk about this is a example of.
David Delene: What you would use for a different background or a phased array.
David Delene: type of antennas you can more easily focus a few aside loads.
David Delene: With a flat plate compared to a parabolic.
David Delene: dish so that's typically what aircraft will use you have one nice flat price up in the nose of the aircraft that you can scan.
David Delene: And then the instead of us in a parabolic.
David Delene: dish they are new ones, so the new type is kind of dishes of phased array radar systems, so these have kind of individual whole bunch of individual antennas.
David Delene: And the idea of these is you can focus.
David Delene: And track very quickly, so the antennas.
David Delene: On a normal parabolic once you have to turn that and so it's how fast, you can turn that antenna is part.
David Delene: Of the issue so if you want to keep scanning you want to turn that very quickly, but that requires motors that can wear off with the phased array you can basically steer vertically, and you can watch.
David Delene: The different targets electronically, as opposed to make it a mechanical motor turning so that makes it a lot more.
David Delene: Efficient and fast.
David Delene: So you could scan a lot faster.
David Delene: We had some ground based phased array radar so when we did the impact project that we fly aircraft over so they can scan very quickly and see changes in the crowds quite rapidly.
David Delene: found this place for the animation here of the.
David Delene: silos and the main low.
David Delene: From scattered.
David Delene: And if you do to face or even get these different higher water loans, but basically these are contours of where the power is so it gives you an idea is you really want them to just be in one direction.
David Delene: But we get these silos that, then you can have it turns from.
David Delene: So they energy doesn't go all just perfectly in one direction, like you would want.
David Delene: um so that's the transmitters.
David Delene: and
David Delene: I have the next one is the receiver, which was a reddit so any questions about transmitters we get the energy the boosted in some recommended tron when it up to a wave guide have a feed of on that feeds it down to.
David Delene: A refractor 10 of dish since out a pair of ways.
David Delene: depends, if you talk about the older and do a once.
David Delene: The old one started with bank neutrons and now the new radars or uses a solid state.
David Delene: So it's kind of aggression in.
David Delene: Technology right we used to have like.
David Delene: A beta software, but.
David Delene: CRT monitors, you know you have these monitors that used to be.
David Delene: So big now we have the flat panel one so it's just a question of what they are and stuff so it took a while to get these and typically everything is like this.
David Delene: And it depends, where you want the application so like the military is usually a 20 years ahead of everybody that's in terms like academic research, and so, and then the research is about 20 years ahead of like operations so.
David Delene: It takes a while so that's why I love working with the Notre radars advanced.
David Delene: operation is that, like and.
David Delene: yeah like the national weather service.
David Delene: would have.
David Delene: So their radar so.
David Delene: You know I kind of 40 years behind what the military so.
David Delene: So it takes time, but you know they do have a scale to you know the difference between having one of them, and having one in every state so.
stuff so.
So.
And I.
David Delene: And i'm not necessary, of.
David Delene: Like a radar engineer or an expert to interact hardware is have to kind of know the basics of transmitting energy out so obviously you're not going to work if one of these ports fail.
David Delene: So receivers.
David Delene: So we see what needs to detect and amplified.
David Delene: The say tiny singles wi fi you see by the antenna so I must be sensitive means the tech world small small signals above noise sensitivity is how much in get above the noise level so.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: You know, so we radios from the tech very what a power.
David Delene: So you see the amount of power that was transmitted.
David Delene: You know now we receive just a fraction of a lot.
David Delene: of power.
David Delene: And the power is usually because there's so many of these there it's in a logarithmic scale so.
David Delene: that's what the BBC dvm.
David Delene: So it's.
David Delene: A very small amount of return energy that the antennas need to receive.
David Delene: Lotus amplifiers you typically receive the energy.
David Delene: You want to convert it to some intermediate frequency amplifier so these need to be amplified and then i'll put it as a voltage.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: Okay, so he's thinking something our voltages right, so they were thinking back to my cell school.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So here's my answer to the question, so I bought in my window so scope here, and that was the original display for what the.
David Delene: antennas would receive so there's actually a connector you can connect up your antenna cables to this so scope and look at it.
David Delene: And then they used to have these would have a scopes.
David Delene: And they would just the spray.
David Delene: Time.
David Delene: And voltage for the power that's been turned on the X axis so time would go on to y axis and then you would just have the power of Twitter.
David Delene: And then you can have each pulse showing individually so electronics can be very fast and you start the displays so we're kind of moving into the the the spray system here now, how do we spray that which is received from the receiver.
David Delene: um so that's the basic the spray if you want to look at each of the individual pulses.
David Delene: But typically what we do is we do have a.
David Delene: brand parallel indicator the spray.
David Delene: Is a map right the spray with radar so usually to radars at the Center.
David Delene: Then you have no up to the top and East to the West, like a map, you can have range rings for helpful the the spray goes to give you a distance.
David Delene: And the intensity of the power is in colors so usually put like reds and purples for the intensity of the power so typically it's you know you have north to the top.
David Delene: East and West and solve and then you can have the new spray but remember now, these are the policies go oh so it's not necessary, a like on the earth's surface is what you get from the returns from the pulses.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: So that's kind of it's not exactly what we get for the.
David Delene: On the maps, because a lot of time to take the palaces and and combine them to make it so it's like a two dimensional surface.
David Delene: But if you just want to think of the policies going out that's what you would be spray as one of these.
David Delene: P P is so you guys should windows have the academics, they recognize ppi is an orange is still range height indicated, he sprays So these are sure vertical profile, a lot of a particular direction or as this so while particular one you just showed elevations changes.
David Delene: You can scan up and down so you can scan from directly above.
David Delene: To do this, so a lot of times i'll be nice like if we have an airplane we want to sample on the airplane so you just provide you know, on some as Smith coming towards that radio read it, and you just go scan like this, and so, then you can capture to.
David Delene: The ihi so we did some of them for impacts project food towards the radar.
David Delene: and told them what as the scanner wrong, so that they could capture the same type of.
David Delene: The spray as the aircraft, and of course the aircraft were just be at one.
David Delene: height, but then get everything above and below the aircraft.
David Delene: So there was a couple types of these sprays, the energy.
David Delene: To do that, and operational like.
Like you're actually doing.
David Delene: For your position that they find you can just do it all they have a know what your target is.
David Delene: A lot of times so sports, sometimes of fighter what are they with the airplane with these weather radar so usually they set that up ahead of time okay so we'll say okay we're coming in, this is what you have to scan or sometimes we we dominate the position information.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So when they did this for impacts they know where the aircraft is because it's on the position is down or applying to the satellite that something so.
David Delene: um.
yeah.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: So characteristics of electromagnetic radiation.
David Delene: So we kind of been talking about this microwave radiation that we send out.
David Delene: So it's recommended radiation.
David Delene: wavelengths frequency aptitude and polarization.
David Delene: So the.
David Delene: The wavelength, is the length usually in physics with Lambda.
David Delene: You have that, as a Greek letter so it's the distance from one.
David Delene: height of the policy to another one, the frequency, is how fast these go by the amplitude is the amp you know the distance from this.
David Delene: So then, three are pretty easy, but what about the.
David Delene: polarization.
He face.
Like two ways.
David Delene: No it's because I.
David Delene: would have multiple waves, but it's So you see that there's a.
David Delene: there's an up and down.
David Delene: well as how the wave is oriented.
David Delene: So you know you can imagine that you know you have these waves and go like this Okay, so you can have ones that us up and down here, where you can have them change this way.
David Delene: So you got 360 degrees, where you can operate.
David Delene: That way.
David Delene: yeah so the do pool means that they typically have two points Asians, so a lot of times you think about polarization.
David Delene: Is in terms of linear horizontal and vertical so you put one horizontal to the earth's surface and one vertical so that was like the national weather service polarization some linear horizontal but that's not the only type of tool for ization.
David Delene: Because.
David Delene: On our are mcr radar.
David Delene: signer.
David Delene: On maybe radar it's not linear or horizontal is circular so circular means that it is that orientation terms, so the wave it turns into a direction, and you can do one left and right and how they turn up false.
David Delene: So they do secure ways because that's more sensitive to these things Russian large targets like airplanes and.
David Delene: rockets.
So with that said.
David Delene: No it's not it's not the amplitude they always have to change there's always a frequency to it but it's how its change is how is oriented in the waves yeah.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So there's different ways that you can send out these pulses.
David Delene: But that's the so that typically is a polarization to every way, I mean policy send out.
David Delene: So when frequency amplitude and polarization.
David Delene: So I think we talked about wavelength first.
David Delene: So radar issues microwave frequency or microwave wavelengths to transmit them.
David Delene: And so.
David Delene: It is i'm going to spectrum.
David Delene: And these are the wave rings in.
David Delene: I guess meters because 10 to the minus six meters, so this is your visible light is right in here.
David Delene: ultraviolet.
David Delene: X rays, and then we talked about gamma waves were.
David Delene: Remember about gamma rays, they make, they can make ions that support for charge of the atmosphere.
David Delene: X rays what you use to look at your bones.
David Delene: ultraviolet.
David Delene: infrared gets infrared gets to the warmer wavelengths where you can see, heat and stuff that and then you have microwaves and radio waves so like am FM radios go to the long away words.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: And so the, this is the thing microwave region, so there longer wave works.
So.
David Delene: The way rings tells you about penetrations and stuff.
David Delene: So in the microwave which is treating radio and in infrared but the longer than they are for the visible light.
David Delene: And so the whole part of this is what we call them, so we recommend a spectrum spectrum disorder all.
David Delene: frequencies whole range of different wavelengths so i'm sorry if I keep saying frequency in wavering defending interchangeable is, if you know the frequency, you know the wavelength, but.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: we're talking about wavelengths and I put wavelengths and frequencies, because there were interchangeable and then since we don't like to remember numbers.
David Delene: We have designations for these.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So that we can refer to them by an A.
David Delene: Designation were a band.
David Delene: So HIV VHF.
David Delene: UHF so you have your radios so most of so what type of radios your aircraft talk to etc with.
David Delene: So very high frequency right.
David Delene: So you have that frequency, for your radio on your radio communications so.
David Delene: Where do you have UHF radios anybody use them.
builder.
David Delene: Ships So if you want long range communications like two ships.
David Delene: You can have the UHF so, then we have the ones here in bold.
David Delene: Typically X C and S.
David Delene: bands.
David Delene: The S band is what's used by the national weather service their radars.
David Delene: Are in 10 centimeter range for the wavelength two to four gigahertz so there's a correspondence between the way rate and the freakin see.
David Delene: So that's national weather service Canada for a long time, they will use it see bands, but they're upgrading now.
David Delene: I think they're going to what s bands X bands a shorter way when three centimeters.
David Delene: But their range of frequencies.
David Delene: In them and then there's the K.
David Delene: K K UK band radar so we're starting to use these to look at crowds so we can put a band radar.
David Delene: So on the.
David Delene: On the.
David Delene: er to we use for impacts they had.
David Delene: I think, four or five I can't remember all the radios they have a w ban next band K UK band radar radars on there so.
David Delene: I think they have three different radars were released four or five different bands.
David Delene: So um.
David Delene: Let me see if I can finish my slides here.
David Delene: The SMC badge or your ground based radars.
David Delene: Other s band radars.
David Delene: Aircraft would have X Ben radars.
David Delene: With flat dishes.
David Delene: and
David Delene: Maybe i'll stop there.
David Delene: And we get started talking about targets in Eccles.
David Delene: Next time.
David Delene: longer see how much I get to have the rest of the presentation on radars.
questions.
David Delene: Make sure you get your homework assignment before you have your Easter wait.
David Delene: Wait don't have you guys get a break what's your days I don't know when me on Tuesday.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: I don't know I work out of time, so.
David Delene: don't take my expensive it's no school.
David Delene: To see.
David Delene: What exactly that.
David Delene: Or maybe.
David Delene: it's too many things too much technology.
David Delene: yeah.