David Delene: Right.
David Delene: Not all of you so.
David Delene: I can ask to the.
David Delene: So and pass them all occasions or six, I see a couple of things.
David Delene: In here is record keeping mention, as one of the duties.
David Delene: So there was a question on the example is a federal requirement for record keeping so that's why it's one of your duties on that is.
David Delene: You have to have multi engine commercial.
David Delene: station region.
David Delene: 10 or press be very enthusiastic for future work it's very exciting, I hope that was the motivation for disease pop at the beginning.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: news of the week after.
David Delene: spring break.
David Delene: The grounds for.
David Delene: Oh, and if we get through it my second lecture today is about crowds and crowds types, so this shows the variants of the weather.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: that's going to be about the crowds today.
David Delene: I.
David Delene: was going to go over.
David Delene: The exam and.
David Delene: I guess I got two things related to that I posted on my website so.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: yeah so a lot of people.
David Delene: As a crass.
David Delene: People didn't the class I guess did not do terrible on the exam it was about.
David Delene: What I would expect.
David Delene: With some is a lot of people going to be, but there were some seas and a lot of lower grades.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: i'm assuming that the rewards grades.
David Delene: Maybe we didn't know what the study or didn't study enough it's not a let's say this is not at the same easy course.
David Delene: So you need to to study, so I got two things i'm going to try to do to help people's grades.
David Delene: One is given what about different assignments, to give you a little bit more assignments, to increase your assignment scores.
David Delene: So for this week.
David Delene: Well, for today, I have an assignment with 10 questions that should open up in here blackboard so it's like a.
David Delene: quiz or an exam or something that's the same word have included blackboard respond this browser so this 10 multiple choice questions in there and it takes me a long time to make these off, so I hope you appreciate the questions.
David Delene: But I put it in there, so you can do in.
David Delene: A week it's 10 points, but you can do it twice so there's two attempts.
David Delene: And then, but it's also very short time, so when you open it up, you have to complete it in.
David Delene: Like I forget what it for like six eight minutes it's not very long, so you can't go and look up the answers, while you're taking the test, so what I expect you to do is take a test.
David Delene: As I said, on my my thing take the test and the test is is over, is kind of like a review of the hot topics from the exam.
David Delene: So take the test.
David Delene: And then.
David Delene: Go back and if there's questions that you weren't sure have the answers for.
David Delene: Go back and look at them topics okay review that and i'm actually asked me questions and then you can take it a second time.
David Delene: And then hopefully that time, you would have reviewed it in order things and then you should get all the answers right.
David Delene: Okay, I don't know if anybody's ever done this so we'll try this.
David Delene: And we'll see how these.
David Delene: Almost go on, I try to give you some more them and.
David Delene: they're kind of goes towards what drop one or something like that to.
David Delene: Keep your exams.
David Delene: um The other thing is that.
David Delene: For the people that fit for your first exam I don't promise to do this for next exam I probably won't but for this one says it's what a bit late and I.
David Delene: don't want you to have to drop the craft, of the one I.
David Delene: don't have a good, then the well on this one exam.
David Delene: i'll give you another exam.
David Delene: On next Tuesday after class if you can make it if not let me know schedule another time.
David Delene: But since we don't have the classroom, we have to go over to prefer or some place So what do that and we'll give you another exam, but I want to.
David Delene: kind of designed this just for the people that candidate for it.
David Delene: Where you think you can definitely improve so try not to diss have the whole class yeah well well this.
second place.
David Delene: When I was going to do that I don't want anybody it so i'm gonna make it that this is going to be your score and it's.
David Delene: OK so i'm trying to limit if you got a decent score.
David Delene: When you just keep that.
David Delene: and go with it so i'm going to make it so that takes this more and the exam maybe.
David Delene: Slightly or two.
David Delene: So we got a pretty decent score.
David Delene: Keep that we say.
David Delene: about it right like.
David Delene: The year your air well I you know I think the way I designed this process, I think everybody could get a be.
David Delene: Okay, so you know my thinking is if you've got to be on a.
David Delene: I would keep that if you, you know, because the course is not defined for everybody, get an A.
David Delene: But if you kind of have a low C D or something like that, and then people is great for.
David Delene: Okay, does that make sense.
David Delene: kind of a two part question.
David Delene: For the protest was the idea yours to.
David Delene: Keep with it, he for me and then my second question was so if you get like you know, like these understand.
David Delene: You know, just to be like I in pain.
David Delene: points on the assignments, why does like the exaggerated, combined with the assignment rate like I was that right now they're both way to say.
David Delene: It is on that.
David Delene: yeah I mean, so you know when I was thinking of this up the assignments are.
David Delene: You use your easier than the exams but.
David Delene: You can.
David Delene: Be I guess yeah your assignments depend.
David Delene: Not necessarily the easiest so far so i'm hoping it use.
David Delene: What i'm thinking i'm going to be one of the easier.
David Delene: I recent terms of the grading.
David Delene: So you know for someone that gets an.
David Delene: avid class, they would get let's say a.
David Delene: And he.
David Delene: exams and the 92 and assign.
David Delene: You get a bs you'll get a baby to.
David Delene: exert on assignments 70% yeah I did so, sometimes, what I do is if you're close you know if it's 79.
David Delene: six.
David Delene: My pick them.
David Delene: Then people are what a bit.
David Delene: But.
David Delene: So pretty much you know if you gotta.
David Delene: You know so and like i'm going to try to get somebody to sign into with a bit more of them.
David Delene: Try to give you one every day for a while.
David Delene: and
David Delene: Hopefully, they want the point is.
David Delene: Challenging in terms of the experiences that make sense.
David Delene: So, but there are.
David Delene: They were quite you know quite a few people I got these like I said this class is not really designed for that everybody gets an A or even you know.
David Delene: can get an A, but if you work hard, I think it can be to be that.
David Delene: way i've tried to design it.
David Delene: But there's nothing wrong with season and stuff here so.
David Delene: You know.
David Delene: But if you're in the low the areas where.
David Delene: it's a concern.
David Delene: That makes sense.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: Okay, so that if you let us come after class and so study hard.
David Delene: And so I guess.
David Delene: I will ask you first.
David Delene: And then i'll open up the exams, but if you'd be memory questions that confused you.
David Delene: For a topics.
David Delene: From the exam but you want to ask me and clarify.
David Delene: Because I got the assignment here has been kind of reviewed so that I think the hardest topic was the last part the aerosols new creation water vapor that's we are all questions that people had trouble with where r.
David Delene: And I try and have the next.
David Delene: exam also covered up a curio.
David Delene: So we want you to learn the material.
David Delene: On that, so this is not like.
David Delene: So we're trying to get some more questions and the other thing is, please try to think of questions like if you're taking notes the best way to take notes, I think, is to write down questions.
David Delene: You know, once you're going to ask about this topic.
David Delene: So any any general questions about.
David Delene: pure water.
David Delene: So you remember from our assignment or sorry.
David Delene: From our.
David Delene: From the black shirts there's the science definition of here was so this here is is the is the key to that question.
David Delene: Okay, so.
David Delene: So pure water is is water not been out.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: And we try So if you have a aerosol particle and water dances on that.
David Delene: At this phases of sour article or dissolves into that and then the water is not here anymore.
David Delene: Okay, so the another way to ask that question would be.
David Delene: can inform water droplets what holiday called briar without an error so.
David Delene: yeah how.
David Delene: that's Okay, is that water where's the ice.
David Delene: So now, remember, we have heterogeneous homogeneous ice create.
David Delene: That form in ice.
David Delene: And also, this is in the ass.
David Delene: He don't get confused between water and ice.
So it's impossible.
yeah.
David Delene: Because I didn't tell you this, but.
David Delene: I told me that you know we form on aerosol oracle's.
David Delene: But the super saturation respect of water, we need the format is like 400%.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: That was a hard question because I guess, I never explicitly covered that.
David Delene: But it was inferred from like the idea of time and CC and they always want CCM to do that.
David Delene: You dissolve gases countenance to be your forecast is not.
David Delene: For next generation.
David Delene: These gases.
David Delene: I guess, I would call that to be busy.
David Delene: You can walk away sulfuric acid and water droplets if you got to us so to gas.
David Delene: So, but.
David Delene: It becomes a.
David Delene: little bit of a quandary um, but I think that would also exclude the possibility of pure water.
David Delene: Because the gases like sulfur dioxide resolve and.
David Delene: In the drop was to give you a sulfuric acid particle where that when we're forming ice.
David Delene: Yes.
David Delene: Three types of aerosols there's.
David Delene: The total aerosols, are all the conversation describe yourself to that I have all all the particles larger than 10 nanometers.
David Delene: So condensation nuclei on a big concentration this 10s of thousands or thousands or 10s of thousands of each per cubic centimeter.
David Delene: So, then, a subset or smaller fraction of that on a crowd condensation graph.
David Delene: Which on a neat guy that on the water droplets of water droplets formal.
David Delene: So that's a subsection that could be end up hundreds.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: And then, a subsection of that hundred per cubic centimeters and then there's some session of that voice is not a subsection of CC and a subsection of the all that, but the ice prior order.
David Delene: it's not necessary CCM, but there is a subsection of the total.
David Delene: But they are released upon.
David Delene: And they are.
David Delene: Less than one per cubic centimeter lot of times the very low concentrations.
David Delene: And it's that concentration difference in the numbers size like are all compensation.
David Delene: Compensation we are this much greater than 10 is greater than that inside not necessary inside, because a lot of times that the silver iodide particles that we get from the words only 10 and 20 nanometers they're only.
David Delene: They can be small.
David Delene: In terms of silver iodine.
David Delene: Point old 2.03, however, some of them can be big the bacteria particles that make good Isaac right well typically on the order on an incubation outside during the course mode is super micron size particle so the highest Nick dry in terms of the size.
David Delene: span, big or small.
David Delene: My prices CCM can span the whole size range, however there's also questions about the.
David Delene: The crowd kind of station new cry it helps to have a big particle.
David Delene: For that, because of the curvature effect.
David Delene: So the CC and it helps to be bigger.
David Delene: And there's not a lot of big CCM except for maybe see so, for example, we have bubble burst and have see so that gives you big CCM but the big CC and only we're Kurt medicine ocean surface.
David Delene: or near the ocean low atmosphere.
David Delene: So that's why, if we can put in more CCM watch I discovered particles there's not many of them except near the ocean.
David Delene: The I the ice dry the sizes and manage the number, if you want to have a lot of ice articles and you actually make them small.
David Delene: Is if this small, then you don't need a pro has mentioned mass.
David Delene: Of the board.
David Delene: So it's really concentration and we can talk and concentrations, but this year, the number, but what amount of patient application so.
David Delene: that's why I don't talk so much in terms of mass.
David Delene: volume area of the quarter.
David Delene: But the size is important because of how long they stayed atmosphere.
David Delene: Can because just general knowing where they come from the sources of sync so by size.
David Delene: yeah so the licenses are issued people to think of your pilot's license.
David Delene: to innovate your people permits issued to organizations.
David Delene: Nothing they don't but it depends on the State requirements.
David Delene: Okay, so you know we call it does not require a license, but not because it requires a permit.
David Delene: Okay, but some States require a license and you can get licenses.
Like.
David Delene: The weather modification.
David Delene: department.
David Delene: working.
With that.
David Delene: Not unless the state requires.
David Delene: But typically they're required to get permits lot of times is the warmer permanent.
David Delene: requirement, but the idea is, we want to know the difference.
David Delene: Though.
David Delene: They issue licenses to individuals, you can get up.
David Delene: And there will be individual operator rice to that.
David Delene: Different organizations can hear.
David Delene: What the licenses on two individuals like a driver's license.
David Delene: yeah.
David Delene: yeah they're not business by since they get permits and the permits of her.
David Delene: Well, this the specifications in the permits, but they can only permitted in.
David Delene: In North Dakota.
David Delene: And because it's a State requirement we can't see it in Minnesota because there's no method to get a license or permit.
David Delene: So it's not the.
David Delene: Not the quarter requirements of the way to have a permit.
David Delene: I think so, but i'm not sure.
i'm not.
David Delene: i'm not sure I know you can get that they are such a things that some people have.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: Other states that just don't do what.
David Delene: they're counting on and then think that you have one month yeah like Minnesota it's not that they took care of it.
David Delene: in stature.
David Delene: But they don't have any mechanisms to allow.
David Delene: So that becomes.
David Delene: You know the companies, then don't have a mechanism so that they do it.
David Delene: But more than that, I think the majority of states are kind of like that.
David Delene: it's the Western states that have operations that have a process in place.
David Delene: So they just don't set up the.
David Delene: process and because, like Montana that's why they can't see classes, they got, of course, just have Montana, create a process where you could see and do what about education in in Montana, but they need the legal infrastructure setup.
David Delene: For that so.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: Questions guys hit most of the questions.
David Delene: Local versus global yeah.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So the idea is.
David Delene: what's easier.
David Delene: To measure.
David Delene: or quantify in one sense, because scientists want to measure and quantify so if we have to measure precipitation, for example, or temperature changes it's much easier to quantify measure them know.
David Delene: That it is global.
David Delene: And so we know a lot more about changes that happen.
David Delene: Locally with you review globally.
David Delene: Because any.
David Delene: Any global change has to be a huge average over time and space.
David Delene: Okay, so, for example, they did temperatures it's much easier to measure the temperature change over city.
David Delene: than it is the entire planet.
David Delene: So we talked about one of the questions I was difficult is urban effects, so there are temperature effects that change over the cities that we can measure them and quantify them temperature and we made and.
David Delene: Then precipitation changes so its temperature changes that we know over the city's not temperature in which it's just temperature.
David Delene: But we can do that because we can have.
David Delene: a shorter time period and the best measurements to quantify that.
David Delene: So we can actually measure what what temperature changes.
David Delene: But we need a heat a huge lot more measurements and what we're making to actually measure, a couple tenths of a degree change per decade, which is what global warming predicts.
David Delene: So it's a.
David Delene: And that's why it's a kind of scientists know.
David Delene: or measure.
harvester about the.
David Delene: field that they don't those are the ones I publicized but the US like the numbers like that will reduce emissions, like the average sea level temperatures and arise next.
David Delene: they're not.
David Delene: More important.
David Delene: Those models that we have to extrapolate because you're talking also old to 2030 years from now okay.
David Delene: And then.
David Delene: The models are actually more accurate and better predictors.
David Delene: Because it's more of a volunteer problem of addiction you don't have to take what we have now, in the future.
David Delene: So you hear about them, but it's not one of the numbers and ranges of numbers.
David Delene: On more on Sir, and it also depends on.
David Delene: The type of predictions, we can have on emissions and scenarios of what's going to happen.
David Delene: You know how much CO2 is going to be admitted.
David Delene: For example.
David Delene: So where you know we don't know.
David Delene: We can't quantify that because it hasn't happened that.
David Delene: Also, you don't have a.
David Delene: temperature records even.
David Delene: don't go back that far so it's easier to see something like common oxide, we know that's increasing.
David Delene: Because we can quantify measure that because, as well, Miss on in the atmosphere it stays a long time.
David Delene: But the consequences of a temperature change on a much harder to measure that is on the order a degree.
David Delene: That makes sense and China.
David Delene: it's a it's not necessary, what can hear about so much and.
David Delene: If you think about this to make very localized right, I mean you can change the humidity in the movies, you can change the temperature in the room, or area of ways we can quantify that shaped.
David Delene: Right.
David Delene: turn up the thermostat So if you think about it being hyper local.
David Delene: You can change the humidity temperature.
David Delene: These we invade quantify that.
Change.
David Delene: The roughness is the.
David Delene: Is.
David Delene: The is a surface roughness so think of that might go a piece of paper can be stupid, we have sandpaper thing.
David Delene: So if you have a very smooth surface of be like la.
David Delene: la surfaces when you have a lot of trees and a lot of buildings.
David Delene: The roughness can affect the winds, but to what extent.
David Delene: You can have aerodynamic roughness outside of cities to write trees.
David Delene: are nothing.
David Delene: But we.
David Delene: Know it's not.
David Delene: And the other thing is some of that is maybe I should send them, I mean wins will be better, as opposed to.
David Delene: know when that went right up against the building, it should be, maybe.
David Delene: mean when I mean temperatures have wished over.
David Delene: You know, over.
David Delene: Hours not necessary.
David Delene: right next to a building right next to a.
David Delene: You know, so the average temperature changes over the whole city.
David Delene: we're not best suited.
David Delene: To changes vertically, to try to rephrase That means that kind of.
David Delene: freshman.
David Delene: So the question about the CDF the facts.
David Delene: Whether it is likely, probably very likely.
David Delene: So it's very unlikely because of the distance, so we talked about like aerosols, a fall.
David Delene: and
David Delene: The effects are right near crowds right So if you see this up and Doc with photos seen throughout you don't have the particles will fall they won't be long enough to get to them long locations, we just talked about.
It.
David Delene: yeah so that the effects of because of the.
David Delene: You get snow in Colorado wyoming, for example, we didn't talk in detail about it.
David Delene: yeah.
David Delene: But that's the.
David Delene: effect is that you get more water in the rivers, so you don't affect the weather.
David Delene: Okay, so you don't affect the precipitation in California.
David Delene: But it's been a bit because California called water Colorado river.
David Delene: So as a water transfer i'm there The other thing is knows no Missouri doesn't venture.
David Delene: To Ohio so we can.
David Delene: You know you can't it's not.
Going production.
David Delene: So that's The other thing I mean that's the other question is is.
David Delene: It still has to be down when, on that day, so you can have some to make the next county.
David Delene: But very not too many states away.
David Delene: Or to another country.
David Delene: You know, because the aerosols mix up and they fall.
David Delene: And then, even if he changes back.
David Delene: So effects.
David Delene: Are not global they're not even regional there we're on a Tony.
David Delene: But you don't have a wall read calendar invite if okay so it's a.
David Delene: it's about the degree.
David Delene: You know so and it didn't seem possible so should be.
David Delene: Heavy on Mike.
David Delene: So that's why scientists, we never pocket possible but.
David Delene: it's not very likely.
David Delene: So we just have some discussion losing even in their school or in the atmosphere of this.
David Delene: positive measure really matter.
David Delene: He I mean yeah.
David Delene: yeah I mean, then he believed he comes back and it's really not going to affect another so long because i've stolen to have plenty of Community plenty of aerosols.
David Delene: You know so.
David Delene: that's Why can you know highly unlikely that we have some facts but can't really say anything is you know, although we.
David Delene: have an effect but it's about the degree so.
David Delene: Ah.
David Delene: So the other ones or.
David Delene: On a couple of the pirate ones that besides air so once.
David Delene: They don't on and off the Court a project sorry don't care to hundreds, just to see 90s.
David Delene: and
David Delene: All the number of fight hours.
David Delene: per year kind of what I was thinking about that question is it goes down.
David Delene: Over time, because it's been rest colonies and some ways to get more efficient at doing it so Unfortunately you don't have many hours that people fly in the project now compared to 10 years ago.
David Delene: or 15.
David Delene: So, and that was one one of the charts, that is, the.
Show.
David Delene: So there are questions so anyway go on to see if you get 100% on the.
David Delene: assignment to to review this.
David Delene: and keep asking all these questions.
David Delene: I.
Think.
David Delene: that's the thing and because you know you have to one of the things it says on here is you're going to.
David Delene: represent the project to the public, so summer comes out there and ask you these questions.
David Delene: You know, please don't say the long answers you can say I don't know.
David Delene: But don't sound confident we had said yes even project is given range and play noted states that he could happen and then answer okay so.
David Delene: You know it's okay to say you don't know or give your your best.
David Delene: explanation and why that is so.
David Delene: and try to understand why we We think these things.
David Delene: Are understanding.
David Delene: Okay, so you should be able to do the exam questions that were the assignment let's do in a week.
David Delene: and hopefully it works out that you have two attempts on it so that assignments.
David Delene: Well, is.
David Delene: that it should be 10 points, like the other ones.
David Delene: yeah sorry i've changed that to make it equal weight to the other ones.
David Delene: yeah good catch.
David Delene: The naked waited the same maybe I can make the points be the same thing and just weighted differently, but it's basically meant to be counted as the same as any aside.
David Delene: So 10 questions if you want to.
David Delene: say.
David Delene: One question you get 10 points or 100 points I waited 10%.
David Delene: Not till you're done with this.
David Delene: yeah I will make this a few people that need to take it, and then i'm going to wait till after next Tuesday, some people make up for so you will see it before.
David Delene: The next exam.
David Delene: So i'll let you see the questions and the answers.
David Delene: me if you got some questions, too.
David Delene: So, the best thing is.
David Delene: That works for you.
David Delene: We can talk about the answers I can tell you the answers for the homework I just.
David Delene: kind of comfortable giving people more points because I don't know how the other facets free Tibet can definitely tell you the answers.
David Delene: And if, after class doesn't work for office always email me and we can make some arrangements.
David Delene: Before class works well too so but i'm.
David Delene: We can make someone arrangements particular Monday Wednesday.
David Delene: But i'm not always available.
David Delene: What can my online schedule see.
David Delene: So you know if that doesn't work this email any.
David Delene: particular way to a time or two that works for you.
David Delene: Please ask me questions because the whole idea here is I I want you to to learn the material.
David Delene: and
David Delene: Maybe it's a hard class, and you know you get to be probably learn a lot of materials.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: I finished.
David Delene: Sorry.
David Delene: So five for the North Dakota project for the internship.
David Delene: So it's a good experience to go through the interviews.
David Delene: Even if you don't get it.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: Okay, I need to talk to you.
David Delene: About ice crystal growth.
David Delene: They a couple.
David Delene: Well, can we short slides here some.
David Delene: pictures and ahead what time I would put in my favorite chain aggregate ice crystals that was studying one of my graduate students, right now, these.
David Delene: chains of kind of like these upgrades here we have chains of these plates kind of linear and we want to know holidays for many atmosphere.
David Delene: And then these are cons but and.
David Delene: But there's a whole classification of these so scientists go through and.
David Delene: Like biologists that other people we classify.
David Delene: The crystals and my students have been flying around on they are playing for eight hours a day, they don't look outside and look at the instruments, the market obviously ice crystals and see when they see different ones.
David Delene: again.
David Delene: So this is a bunch of different.
David Delene: classes cities, they can form differently is big Variety is I won't.
David Delene: ask you any.
David Delene: Questions then apply them.
David Delene: Are graduate students, we look at these and people have different classifications, on the same Christos so um but the one thing that you should know.
David Delene: Is that the different habits process of patients, that the habits are.
David Delene: What forms, we have a college degree.
David Delene: They form i've been temperatures.
David Delene: And also.
David Delene: baker supply me how much water, the air so think now what's the question to this.
David Delene: You know something about temperature and habits does vapor pressure, make a difference, so these are the things that you really need to understand.
David Delene: As a bunch of these and.
David Delene: What they use a degree temperatures, for example of these power or.
David Delene: A lot of times as minus 15 is advantage our world region.
David Delene: These stalling ones are dangerous here.
David Delene: I should pose.
David Delene: dude is on the throne.
David Delene: oops I put it here.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: classifications, yes, the different classifications.
David Delene: So I have, it is a date type is a classification.
David Delene: Of the crystal So if you can think of crystal habits and crystal locations are kind of the same.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: yeah so it's.
David Delene: it's like a class of airplanes we have jet airplane we have several box.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: So it's a type of Bristol a lot of times the types of the habits are related to the shape.
David Delene: But as we fundamentally rate.
David Delene: The growth.
David Delene: How is it going to grow from the paper fates so they got I think we both.
David Delene: Were genes that I thought.
David Delene: So the things to remember is the road differently, and these different temperature humidities but the crowds are very turbulent so they get mixed up.
David Delene: So, as they move on different vapor temperature regions they can grow differently.
David Delene: But they also have fundamentally.
David Delene: One single entity that was we put them at this temperature.
David Delene: humidity.
David Delene: And laughter like that this will a similar type of crystal.
David Delene: And that's what happens in the atmosphere, the problem is.
David Delene: That they all mix the rise, the change in the clouds.
David Delene: Okay, so the question, there is, you know what determines the habit or two or a type of crystal you get temperature and humidity.
David Delene: and
David Delene: We go back to the one equation that we talked about, as we have one equation in this class trackers patent law, which talks about of temperature pressure rate in the.
David Delene: pipe of water ice.
David Delene: But where is the baby pressure he will be in and then again with peer cleaner water.
David Delene: So that's what the proper across honest, we ready to it's a pure water drop where that's fine Sir Hello sign up for our service.
David Delene: But now we're talking about ice for food and water.
David Delene: And the water is hell more security.
David Delene: Okay, so think of these water molecules that there is space they don't want to go away.
David Delene: Okay, so.
David Delene: um.
David Delene: So the vapor as an equilibrium with that is less so there's less vapor over the ice surface then over the waters.
David Delene: Because think of the waters keep it from the water droplet you put more water into the air, then from ice particle.
David Delene: So that's.
David Delene: So there's a question there right, you can think of some type of question ready to water and ice.
David Delene: vapor equilibrium eyeballs.
David Delene: um so.
David Delene: there's different weights.
David Delene: Because if this high water vapor in the air dropper and low water vapor you know, so this is my water droplet This is my ice crystal.
David Delene: The water has been vapor and then gases is going to diffuse well the drama to the ice.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: And so, if it hits this is part of it's going to grow.
David Delene: up that infused water vapor.
David Delene: So this is very important for weather modification and for crowds but you get ice and water for.
David Delene: The eyes will grow even at the expense of the water.
David Delene: Okay, this is why wait to have a lot of ice for Nice it grows it gets big you make precipitation.
David Delene: It can fall.
David Delene: And then, if it's warm enough, it will melt in your region.
David Delene: So there's a.
David Delene: nice Christmas or glow after me water drop is coming back.
David Delene: i'm going back to the.
David Delene: wall.
David Delene: First, one is, it has to do it.
David Delene: ice crystals breaking water droplets break it.
David Delene: And stuff this is this a definitional growth of single crystals.
David Delene: So we're trying to stop simple here.
David Delene: Just the idea.
David Delene: That water.
David Delene: us away from them backwards into the sport so.
David Delene: we'll see that, I mean once you get some ice to form.
David Delene: It will take a lot of the vapor and deplete the ice and defeat the water.
David Delene: So ice cricinfo rapidly.
David Delene: I mean it's quite fast compared to the water.
David Delene: and
David Delene: The water vapor the water drop is going backwards, because you're losing some of that that paper on a surface so more of is going to go from the drop it to the paper phase.
David Delene: For the gas face.
David Delene: How much pressure is fizzles 10 forced our.
David Delene: hives.
David Delene: give up number crates of the Christos saying and get different habits.
David Delene: That form.
David Delene: sellers are.
David Delene: Like the den drapes and the 15 minus 15 degree range.
David Delene: So if you can die DNS if you could take that super cool water minus 12 minus 15.
David Delene: create some stellar type of dead right type of crystals These are big and they can fall, where the water droplets would not.
David Delene: Okay, they get big they're low where the water droplets or not.
David Delene: The water is limited to 20 microns in diameter can pull 100 microns and we can start the fall.
David Delene: So it's that change of size of the ice particles now I can is not that.
David Delene: These are bigger.
David Delene: than the original aerosols.
David Delene: yeah crystal habits, if you go back to steller's.
David Delene: So it's kind of a class of habits on these ones here would be just our.
David Delene: star shaped.
David Delene: Why is the watermelon.
David Delene: Because if you go back who.
David Delene: are dropping balls.
David Delene: Remember, we have the curvature effect so as a drop it gets bigger the surface areas gets low.
David Delene: So they will.
David Delene: Take of trying to add the same model water.
David Delene: What we drop it's bigger and bigger.
David Delene: As much surface there.
David Delene: So there's limited.
David Delene: By how much condensed because it's such a dense and then other stuff starts the battle so it's very the ratio between a surface area and the volume of the of the drops.
David Delene: And just get it yes.
David Delene: yeah because the vapor pressure different to the lower, so we will explore and go bigger.
David Delene: it's all fear.
David Delene: And because the drop is a spirit of.
David Delene: These ice crystals don't have the spirit of either.
David Delene: But you have this the surface, to volume ratio is a separate to drop us and it gets so big they basically become an equilibrium that as much evaporates as a condenses.
David Delene: Okay, because it's it's that hurts her and.
David Delene: solubility solution affected there.
David Delene: But they load in the school very, very slow.
David Delene: So kinda like when I say the ice crystals.
David Delene: grow rapidly.
David Delene: Remember, it was here.
David Delene: Is your school rapper that kind of respect to what you would compared to with.
David Delene: The wall.
David Delene: They go very rapidly pair to what the water drop us to.
David Delene: sort of water drop us do low just not very fast and so very fast becomes hours or days it.
David Delene: Will.
David Delene: grow until they get their own.
David Delene: thing whoa and.
David Delene: Well, they go into the.
David Delene: equilibrium between the water interface between the what's you know so there's an equilibrium between what's your back waiting and what's condense it.
David Delene: You have a so you have a.
David Delene: Summer for one is that.
David Delene: Celsius and then you have one I said minus 30.
David Delene: That difference, a big refreshers I got the droplet smaller on the coast or in general.
David Delene: Oh so you're thinking of the size of the drop where.
David Delene: Oh, and Eric holder has less noise here yeah less moisture horse vapor pressure.
David Delene: mean matter because it's the ego back to how they don't have the diagram but they form an association and then they they activate so, then they start the form, even if the super saturation goes down.
David Delene: Okay um but the initial formation.
David Delene: Is a lot harder at the lower temperatures.
David Delene: too.
David Delene: So it's not so much the world is the formation of the droplets to begin with.
David Delene: That would be the problem.
David Delene: But they tend to.
David Delene: Go and use the vapor.
David Delene: And they're changed somewhat in size but that depends on the aerosols that they began with whatever, but they they are limited by.
David Delene: How much.
David Delene: How much that conversation of process can grow.
David Delene: Okay.
David Delene: wait five five minutes.
David Delene: Maybe we can other questions.
David Delene: Maybe we can quickly go through this one.
David Delene: And then we can start again and.
David Delene: hit it twice.
David Delene: You might have five minutes here.
David Delene: i'll give you a highway to look out for next time.
David Delene: Because.
David Delene: we've been.
David Delene: The next topic would be prototypes.
David Delene: So one of the things you want to do is identify a lot of times when you're flying around and that's one of the great things about atmospheric science within the atmosphere here.
David Delene: You know it's not very microscopic and you can see what automakers store, but the startup star for way where we're here we're in the atmosphere your way around if the our friends.
David Delene: And we can actually see what we're doing so.
David Delene: Part of this is the identifying what type of weather, we have and the types of clouds so.
David Delene: At least be able to talk to the meteorologist when they tell you what a forecast then and.
David Delene: stuff so.
David Delene: Some basic crowd nice high medium and low clouds These refer to haul Heidi on atmosphere.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: Maybe you can see, this when you go and try to see where the code bases are.
David Delene: and
David Delene: I guess we define these as be our just to as.
David Delene: think we have any fine in terms of kilometers sorry, you have the convert from your feet.
David Delene: So multiply by three.
David Delene: Right so six kilometers 18 19,000 feet.
David Delene: And the event is a 6000 meters, is it farmers, so you should have some numbers.
David Delene: So high clouds above that and typically proposal ice, so we talked about water and ice and that's how we kind of identified as well.
David Delene: So, before we begin, I should cause a Brian says anybody know what was out there today.
David Delene: hey.
David Delene: Wait once.
David Delene: looks like a pretty big stratos.
David Delene: deck of cross right, so we know what about cumulus stratos.
David Delene: But.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: I do want to study now is of cirrus clouds So these are correct, a serious.
David Delene: And then.
David Delene: We have serious serious strategy as came with.
David Delene: A strategy means layered so big long large layers of the crowds the cameras are more individual puffy.
David Delene: type of crowds.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: and
David Delene: You see, these pitches don't.
David Delene: dmc is wispy clouds I love the serious ones, and you see these way.
David Delene: streets that come down.
David Delene: So we can make a fire streets that there is a particular spot on with routes and you can see them a lot of times as you saw streets.
David Delene: But they form and, as always, blowing.
David Delene: metal no clouds.
David Delene: Basically, can pull two to six commerce.
David Delene: convert that to your feet again.
David Delene: the middle of the composer both water and ice.
David Delene: So you can have both of these coexist, at the same levels.
David Delene: Mid level Altro on to stress, out of humorous So these are example the key ways, you can see what happiness and now the individual.
David Delene: South where this is as a whole.
David Delene: That.
David Delene: The.
David Delene: Other part of the.
David Delene: This guy is covered it's a big layer of crowds.
David Delene: Low Level crowds can pose the most water So you see the Rainbow affects here, so there are some.
David Delene: hints when you see rainbows like that it has to be a water quality, because the way a pencil right.
David Delene: We see the light on the sunset here in wintertime see the sun dogs should have a picture of them right, so this ice crystals in there, because they have to scatter right at a certain angle so there's hints about that.
David Delene: The other thing that's important is vertical development of the clouds you know you can look at the base of the clouds that may be 2000 feet tops maybe 8000 feet, so this is vertical development in this proud that you can see from the distance.
David Delene: Okay, but if you end the cars are going through them, you know let's say see that vertical extent.
David Delene: If you had a nice that.
David Delene: and
David Delene: The other thing is, you can identify.
David Delene: The liquid charts.
David Delene: So.
David Delene: This is an example, we have of water in it so.
David Delene: She probably do it on.
David Delene: Like my pointer.
David Delene: So here, you can see, these are the water parts of the cloud here.
David Delene: And then up here to miss the haze like this the the ice was more.
David Delene: towards the past sometimes you can see, with our eyes form on the tops of the famous crowds but it's that hazy misty.
David Delene: misty but it's a.
David Delene: it's not the puffiness and if you have some time, and you have nothing else to do you can just watch these columns look whoa where you can look at it should bring in some time lapse video, and you can see these turrets growing up.
David Delene: In sort of parts of the crowd here, they would start extending because it rises from the bottom.
David Delene: cameras cloud computing members.
David Delene: My.
David Delene: Nice when I do these are some kind of humorous crowds is white puffy.
David Delene: clouds that are individual.
David Delene: And they all have you know some vertical extent, and then the big key members ones are a big storm, for you have.
David Delene: Lots of rain and you have these and those that extend out.
David Delene: For them, so.
David Delene: The last part is that, where all the super cool parts of the code for the water price you see here is water and over here is the ice.
David Delene: types of stuff in the clouds so you can look at this and say yeah this this water in this cloud by the visual appearance, so you can take the airplane to fly through it.
David Delene: And then you can see it up, you have that water there and then, if you put the agi or some ice Gray in there you form the ice particles and your car when you come back.
David Delene: End developer, but you were one identify these because you don't want to.
David Delene: See the crowd already has ice didn't want to see the ones that are still developing What did he is you want to identify.
David Delene: where you are where you can fry and he very good evening file.
David Delene: See to development.
David Delene: team was fields and working see which one has more updraft more.
David Delene: Formation of the crowds as a slower.
David Delene: or faster girls.
David Delene: Okay, I got to that.
David Delene: And maybe the beauty of next time, but you guys go patient when I, my question.
David Delene: stuff so we're gonna go ahead and what about more bigger scale now.
David Delene: So that assigning and start on.
David Delene: 10% on.